San Francisco Coffee House Case Essay

1. Should Tensek and Pacek consider franchising over organic growth? Do a qualitative cost-benefit Analysis. (4 Points) In regards to whether Tensek and Pacek should consider franchising over growing additional business locations organically, there are many factors that the couple must take into account. Whether they choose to expand using a franchising or organic approach, there are major costs and benefits that will dramatically affect San Fransisco Coffee House. First, the company must take into account the costs associated with expanding the company organically. Opening and starting virtually any business requires an individual to risk a substantial amount of capital. Although the first location was a success and gained regional notoriety, the couple would have to risk their own money to fund the venture. This particular investment includes financing the purchases of equipment, initial supplies, and furnishing the location. The couple spent an initial 40,000 euros as their start up capital, and would be unable to spend less on additional locations, as the interior and ambience it provides are perhaps the most important characteristics of the business. The design process would require an investment of important time and money. In addition to the valuable number of hours that would be spent finding a location with a reasonable monthly rental cost, Tensek and Pacek would also be required to discover a location that would provide them access to their target demographics, (students and businessmen). For each additional location, the couple would also be responsible for hiring and training new staff members. This task would also require the couple to establish a payroll and benefits plan for new team members. The benefits of expanding the business organically include several major items. If SFCH chooses to expand organically, the company will have a much easier time controlling the image and publicity of the business. The couple will have the ability to handpick and train employees using the effective techniques they used at their precious location. Pacek and Tensek will also  be able to decorate the vital interiors of additional locations. These techniques will ensure that additional locations will provide the excellent customer service and the casual American ambience that the initial location provided. Opening their own additional locations would also allow the couple to retain all of the earnings, as opposed to sharing the profits with a franchisee. The Croatian economy is more geared towards entrepreneurs opening their own businesses. If the couple is able to avoid franchising and expand organically, local banks would be more inclined to potentially provide SFCH with financing. Croatian franchising has many potential barriers to entry. The country’s economic and political landscapes have continued to evolve over the past few decades; however, the country is still developing. Due to the developing state of the country, no true franchising legal system has been put into place. If SFCH chooses to begin franchising, the company might be subject to legislative changes which could potentially negatively impact the financial situation of the company. SFCH must also take into account the public view of franchising in Croatia. Due to the smaller population and limited number of franchises in the country, franchising is not a well known practice in Croatia. Not only is the general public misinformed about franchising, local banks have virtually no understanding of the practice. This situation limits the number of people who might be interested in potentially purchasing a franchise of SFCH and also decreases the likelihood of a Croatian bank providing a franchisee with a loan. There are a number of benefits SFCH would receive if the company elected to begin franchising. SFCH would be able to utilize the Croatian Franchising Association as a resource to access potential franchisees. Franchising would require much less of a financial investment and would not require as much of a time commitment from the couple as organically growing the company one store at a time. This strategy would also allow the company to collect royalties while only having to provide advertising, the use of the company name, use of the company infrastructure and perhaps assistance with training  and interior design strategies. Increasing the number of locations will additionally build brand awareness, as well as establish a stronghold on the untapped Croatian coffee market. SFCH will also benefit from the first mover advantages. Once Croatia enters the European Union, major coffee companies will undoubtedly try to enter the market. SFCH’s stronghold on the American-Style coffeehouse market will prove itself to be extremely valuable. Additionally, Tensek and Pacek would have a lot less risk if they were to franchise their business rather than open an additional store themselves. Typically with a franchise the risk is on the part of the franchisee and not the owners of the whole company. It is up to the owner of the specific franchise to take the major risk to get the location going. After reviewing the costs and benefits associated with both organically growing the company, as well as franchising, it is apparent that SFCH would be wise to begin franchising. The startup costs associated with opening one additional store at a time, as well as the time it would cost the company clearly indicates that organically growing the company is an unwise decision. Though it seems Croatians don’t quite grasp the concept of franchising, the positive numbers in exhibit 4 and 5 indicate that franchising will most likely take off in the near future. The potential growth and revenues franchising would provide clearly outweigh the potential barriers to entry SFCH would have to overcome. 2. What adjustments would they need to make for franchising in the Croatian context? (1.5 Points) Croatia’s eventual entry into the European Union allows SFCH to prepare for the legal changes and repercussions that will occur once Croatia is admitted. It would be wise for the couple to consider the potential competitors this change might bring to the country, as well as the EU’s policy regarding franchises. There is the potential that once SFCH begins their franchising that other top competitors such as Starbucks will take notice and enter the Croatian market as well. Another item SFCH must address is the lack of individuals interested in  franchises. Although there is little the company can do to change the public understanding of franchising, SFCH can utilize the Croatian Franchising Association as a resource for finding potential franchisees. The Association offers several tools that help expanding companies connect with potential franchisees. SFCH has the potential to run campaigns through their business to educate potential entrepreneurs on the benefits of franchising. According to exhibit 6 they already have a decent budget for marketing activities. Tensek and Pacek could use some of this money, or additional funds to create marketing campaigns around educating people on franchising, specifically with SFCH. SFCH should also partner with an international entity to receive all of the tax benefits the Croatian government offers to international businesses operating within Croatia. Since there is no minimum percentage of ownership required to receive the benefits, SFCH could offer a minimal percentage of ownership to an international partner with a competitive advantage the business could use. 3. How could they protect their intellectual property and business format know-how? (1.5 Points) In order to ensure franchisees are operating in a manner that the company requires, SFCH should seek legal advice and draw up contracts. These documents should include how the image, logo and slogan of SFCH should be used, what royalties are to be paid to the business and how the business should operate in general. In addition to this agreement, the company should trademark the logos, slogans and name of the company in Croatia, and after they partner with an international entity, register their business devices through the World Intellectual Property Organization. SFCH can also turn to various other business organizations including the EU. These organizations often offer guidelines or resources for entrepreneurs. By using internet resources Tensek and Pacek have access to many informational formats that can give them information on how to outline their practices. 4. How could they fight of local imitators? What would happen if Starbucks or other major coffee chains entered the market? (1.5 Points) If the company elects to begin franchising, the company will expand much more quickly than if it had chosen to expand organically. This expansion will provide SFCH with the first mover advantage. Even if local companies, or large coffee chains attempt to enter the Croatian market, SFCH will have already absorbed most of the Croatian consumers. If large coffee chains enter the market and begin to take away from SFCH’s market share, the couple must determine what marketing, menu, and overall changes should be made in order to mitigate the chain’s Croatian success. It is also important to remember that small businesses can work amongst large corporations. A great example of this is all the local coffee shops in Salt Lake City that are profiting alongside the many Starbucks locations that are in the city as well. In addition to having the first mover advantage, the company will have already established national and world trademarks. These trademarks protect SFCH from blatant imitators and local coffee shop rivals. 5. How could they become the biggest and most successful coffee house nationally? (1.5 Points) In addition to the previously discussed changes SFCH should integrate into their business model, the company should also begin serving adult beverages. This change will enable the company to challenge local coffee shops while gaining a percentage of the nightlife market. Croatian coffee shops are known to serve alcohol, however, SFCH has not attempted to enter this market. This change will provide the company with additional revenues while taking advantage of an alcohol-friendly market. Exposure to nightlife locals could also potentially expose the SFCH to coffee consumers that did not previously know of the shop’s existence. The only potential pitfall of incorporating alcohol into the menu, is if the company alters its ambient atmosphere. The shop should not alter its calm, relaxing identity, rather  provide a tranquil location where individuals can socialize and enjoy alcoholic beverages. Many of the large corporate coffee shops are so popular because they advertise a lifestyle. Starbucks may offer similar coffee and pastries at similar prices to other local coffee shops, but what sets them apart is that they are part of a collective idea. When someone has a starbucks cup and sees another person with the same thing, they may feel as though they are in a group. Starbucks had done a great job at making their customers feel connected and like they belong to the Starbucks family. SFCH would benefit by additional marketing to make their customers feel like they are part of the San Francisco Coffee House family, much like Starbucks has done. This is something that can be achieved through marketing and will only get stronger through continued growth.

Group Project

You have just been part of a merger. You have each been chosen to head up your department and merge the two groups into a self-directed work team. Work with each other to lay out a plan describing how you will develop a new team within your department or departments. It is natural that there will be some confrontations between people. Look at the stages of team development and use that knowledge to work with the team. It is recognized that some employees will refuse to be part of the team. In fact, the new ownership expects that there will be some who lose their jobs because of these issues; however, that is a last resort.Use all your skills to negotiate with employees in an attempt to resolve conflicts and pull your team together. Because you are working together as a team, it is seen by the ownership that if one is successful, you are all successful. Likewise, if one fails, you all fail. The future success of the company is dependent on your mutual success. Consider the following: * As a team, you must come up with a plan and be in agreement because you have to implement it in your departments. For the plan of team development, I will use Tuckman's Theory, namely, Forming, Storming, Norming- Performing.The first step that I will take is to form a team that has all the talents and abilities required for the tasks at hand. This means a careful inventory has to be developed of the skills, and abilities and checking if these are appropriate and adequate for the task at hand. When developing a plan the objective is to develop a team that is high-performing and brings the advantages of synergies after the merger has taken place. Forming: During this stage of the team, there is a desire to be accepted and to avoid conflict; The tasks are allotted according the skills and abilities of the persons.The tendency during this stage is to study the other members and avoid confrontation. The team members get to know each other. It is planned that this stage should last for one week. Storming: As the owners give challenging tasks to the team there is storming and different ideas compete for consideration. I will ensure that even though confrontational ideas are presented, there is productive input and good ideas are accepted. I will use tolerance and patience because at this stage there is likely to be conflict among the employee groups belonging to each merging company. I will ensure that more comfortable interaction is possible.This stage will take two weeks time. Norming: During this phase I will ensure that the team has only one goal and a plan will be developed to achieve the tasks given to the team. At this time norms will be developed for tackling different tasks assigned to the team and the manner in which they will be executed. The normng phase will take one weeks time. Performing: To get the team performing, I will get the team members to carry out multi-functional tasks and to become mutually interdependent. I will set challenging goals for the team and set criteria by which the performance will be evaluated.The objectives of the team and the criteria for performance evaluation will be so designed in such a manner that the team members become interdependent. I will actively participate in the activities of the team and motivate the team members. The decision making will be participative and will encourage new ideas and even dissenting thoughts; The performing stage will continue for a period of six months. After a period of seven months it is expected that the team will be a cohesive, high performing, and synergetic. * For each step you take, provide a brief explanation of your reasoning.Forming: during this step there is a gathering of information about the team members from the other company; There is also an attempt by the member of the acquiring company to exert their power and become dominant. At this stage simply allotting task according to the skills and abilities creates a feeling that every person has a rightf ul place in the team. Storming: During this step the inherent conflict between employees of the acquiring company and the acquired company come out into the open. There are conflicts over small issues, and the acquired company members will test the rules to see if they get a fair deal.To motivate team members they must be made to feel that every person will be treated equitably. (Remember Stacey Adam's equity theory). Norming: During this stage rules of teamwork are formed and there is a give and take. The team members understand the concerns of the other members easily. Performing: During this stage by setting objectives/goal, and setting criteria for performance evaluation, I compel the group to become interdependent and flexible. This is the most direct way of ensuring that synergies are achieved. I will take certain steps during the team formation process to ensure that the team formation is successful.Since, the members of the team come from different cultures; I will not impos e outside principles or ground rules from outside. Further, since there are persons from different companies, I will ensure that the group does not get caught up in details, nor will I allow the persons from one company dominate others. I will ensure that each member of the team gets an equal say. In addition, I will set challenging targets for the team and the objectives will not merely be in financial terms. Moreover, I will encourage sharing of information and cultural integration. Finally, I will not allow random or undirected changes to my plans.

Coping With Change Essay

P1- Discuss factors which affect the development of self-esteem M1- Compare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept The NHS define self-esteem as being the opinion each individual has of themselves. NHS, (2015). It is the self-image and self –respect of an individual’s perception of themselves. Roshahl.c, (2008). This assignment is going to discuss the six factors that affect self-esteem. These factors are the growth promoting climate, the looking glass self, self-actualisation, ego identity, social identity and finally, the constructing of self-concept. Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfil the next one, and so on. Maslow, (1943). The self-actualisation theory was created by Maslow in 1943. This theory is based on the hierarchy of needs. This theory is an ongoing process. This theory is not something which is aimed for by a person, instead it’s something you do. In addition to this, the theory is not restricted to individuals; anyone is able to achieve this hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy is made up of levels these levels are; physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs and finally, is all of the above are achieved, according to Maslow they are able to then reach self-actualisation. Maslowski.R.M, Morgan.L, (1973). The first stage of this theory is the biological and physiological needs, in order to achieve this a person must have the basic needs of living, they are; air, food, fluids, shelter, warmth, shelter, warmth and sleep. The safety needs of the hierarchy include protection from elements, security, order, law, stability and finally freedom fear. The love and belongingness stage of Maslow’s theory requires friendship, intimacy, affection and love from work colleagues, family, friends and romantic relationships. McGuire.K.J, (2012) pp281. The fourth stage of the hierarchy of needs is the esteem of needs, to achieve this stage an individual must experience achievement, prestige, self-concept, statues, dominance, mastery, self-concept and respect from others. The final stage is the self-actualisation. This stage involves realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking person growth and  peak experiences. Maslow states that without achieving the first four stages, self-actualisation cannot be achieved. The second theory is Erickson’s Ego theory. This is another theory which is based on stages. Erickson’s theory focuses on the eight stages of life starting with infant and finishing with older age. The theory is a lifespan model of development taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years old and three further stages beyond the age of 18 and into adulthood. Each stage has a conflict, resolution and a cumilation in age these will all be presented in the table below. Age Conflict Resolution Cumiliation in age Infancy 0-1 years old Basic trust vs. mistrust Hope Appreciation of independence and relatedness Early childhood 1-3years old Autonomy vs. Shame Will Acceptance of cycle of life from integration to disintegration Play age 3-6 years old Initiative vs. Guilty Purposely Humour, empathy and resilience School age 6-12 years old Industry vs. Inferiority Competence Humiliation, acceptance of the course of one’s life and unfulfilled hopes Adolescences 12-19 years olds Identity vs. confusion Fidelity Sense of complexity of relationships, values of tenderness and loving freely Early Adult 20-25 years Intimacy vs. Love isolation Love Sense of complexity of life; merging of sensory logical and aesthetic perception Adulthood 26-64 years old Generative vs. Care stagnation Care Caritas, caring for others, empathy and concern Old age 65 years old -death Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom Existential identity, a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration The growth promoting climate theory suggests that a person requires a supportive environment that encourages an individual to grow positively. The theorist of this theory is Carl Rogers. The growth promoting climate theory is a person centred approach. The purpose of the person centred approach is to change, understand personality as well as human relationship. Jones.R.N, (2010) PP102. According to Carl Rogers, a positive involves diversity, empowerment which means to allow the individual to grow and achieve. Other factors which are required to create a positive environment is open communication, freedom and the capability to reach their full potential. However, without a positive environment, the growing promotion climate theory cannot be achieves. The looking glass self theory looks at how an individual views themselves. The theorist of this theory is Horton Cooley. The looking glass self is another theory that is separated into stages. This theory is made up of three stages. The first stage id that a person imagines how they are perceived and viewed by others. The second stage of the looking glass theory is when a person imagines how they are judged by others and this is based and concluded by the first stage of the theory which is how a person imagines they are perceived by another individual. The final stage of  this theory is the experiencing of a type of feeling or reaction to the staged in one and two. Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124. For example a person may believe that they are perceived as being polite and friendly to another individual. This would be the first stage of the theory (imaging how they are perceived by others). This would therefore lead to the individual imagining they are judged in a positive light and a well-mannered individual. This would be the second stage of the theory (the way in which a person imagines they are judged by others). The way in which an individual acts towards them would determine the opinion they have of them. Gba debo.S.A, (2011), pp124. If a person who is isolated in a situation is judged to be a polite friendly individual they are more likely to make friends as they may give off a friendly vibe encouraging people to want to engage with them however if they were perceived as being rude and arrogant, other may not want to associate or include the individual in their conversation and may even think the individual is purposely isolating themselves from the situation. The Social identity theory was created by Henri Tajfel in 1979. He proposed that groups which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. These groups may be a person’s social class family or a person’s choice of football team. Groups give individuals a sense of identity and sense of belonging to the social world. Burke.P.j, (2009). This theory focuses on how we perceive and make sense of each other. This helps with the construction of society and culture. This theory suggests that people are interested in the information of others such as their beliefs, intentions and affiliations. Tajfel. H, (2010). This enables a person to interpret and understand the words and actions of another person as well as their decision makings. This also allows a predication of a person’s future. The final factor that affects a person’s self-esteem is the constructing of self-theory. A sense of self or personhood, of what kind of person one is. Identities always involve both sameness and difference, (2000) Penguin Dictionary. ‘Identity is about belonging, about what you have in common with some people and what differentiates you from others. At its most basic it gives you a sense of personal location, the stable core to individuality. But it is also about your social relationships, your complex involvement with o thers’ (1996). This theory consists of three main arguments they are; We are born with our  identities; identities and culturally and historically dependent, identities are fluid and fragmented and are a result of conscious and unconscious thought and emotion (affective attachment to particular identities). This theory consists of sources of identity, they are gender, age, sexuality, ethnicity, social class, consumption, employment, roles and responsibility, family networks, friendships, use of technology, politics, leisure activities and finally the body. All of the discussed theories are all contributing factors to the development of person’s self-esteem. All of which explain have a different understanding. Some were evidently based on the needs of an individual in order to live such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, others focused on the different stages of life a person experiences such as Erickson’s eight stages of life. M1- The aim of this next task is to compare two theo ries of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept. The two theories this assignment is going to focus on are Erickson’s eight stages of life theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The first similarity of these two theories is that they are both broken down into stages however Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is split into five stages Maslow. A.H, (2013) whereas, Erickson’s life stages are split into six. The different number of stages is on difference between the two theories. A further difference between the two theories is that Erickson’s stages are based on the stages of life every individual experiences. Therefore the theory can be easily generalised to all individuals during a specific age group. In addition to this, Erickson’s ego theory is structured in a timeline of stages. However, the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are the requirements needed in life such as warmth, shelter, love and family. Rakowski.N, (2011). Therefore Erickson’s theory focuses on experience whereas Maslow’s theory focuses on the needs of an individual and the goals of achievement of an individual. An additional difference between Maslow’s and Erickson’s theory is that Maslow states that without successfully achieving one stage a person cannot proceed to achieve the next stage preventing a person for achieving actualisation. Erickson’s eight stages of life are experienced by all individuals throughout their life span and therefore all stages are experienced and unresolved stages can be resolved in later stages in life. Tiffany.L, (2014). Erickson’s ego theory focuses on psychosocial stages whereas Maslows hierarchy theory focused on the needs  of an individual. The year the two theories were developed is another comparison, Erickson’s Ego theory was developed in 1950 whereas Maslow’s hierarchy theory was developed in 1943. Erickson’s Ego theory has an overall finishing point which is when an individual achieves self-actualisations whereas Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a continuous cycle which continues until a person reach death. Tiffany.L, (2014). A final comparison of the two theories is that Erickson’s Ego theory was influenced by a theory which already existed; this was Freud’s theory regarding the structure and topography of personality. Maslow’s hierarchy theory on the other handed was an extended version of his own work rather than the work of others. Chapman, (2001). Both the theories of Abraham Maslow and Eric Erickson support the use of human response assessment in the experimental and behavioural perspectives. Mcleod.S. Erickson’s eight stages of life also identifies task which must be achieved at each stage and similarly to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if these tasks are not achieved, a person cannot proceed successfully achieve the next tas k. Reference Page NHS, (2015). Interpersonal growth and self-actualisation in groups, Maslowski.r.m, Morgan.L, (1973). Text book of basic nursing, Roshahl.c, (2008). (2000) Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. An introduction, McGuire.K.J, (2012), pp281 Theory and practice of counselling and therapy, Jones.R.N, (2010) PP102. Journey into the looking glass, Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124. Identity theory, Burke.P.j, (2009). Social identity and intergroup relations, Tajfel. H, (2010) A theory of human motivation, Maslow. A.H, (2013) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model, Rakowski.N, (2011). Erik Erickson, psychological stages simply psychology, Mcleod.S. Chapman, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (2001). Tiffany.L,, Erickson and Maslow, compare and contrast (2014).

Brainwashed by Kashonia Carnegie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brainwashed by Kashonia Carnegie - Essay Example Dr. Kashonia stated that a person’s heart and the brain were contradictory in decision-making. She explains that the heart can make us decide on things that the head clearly defines wrong ideas. In the text, the writer tells of memories of her childhood and adult life. It helps us to understand the impacts, both positive and negative, of childhood life on developing our personality and behavior. Carnegia has suffered dreadful treatments from others during her lifestyle. Instead of her family being her crying shoulder, they also joined in mistreating her. The stories make her memories more painful. Dr. Kashon uses her knowledge gained from the University and her self-study to tell us how self-discovery helped her choose her ways. She also mentions on acceptance and self-analysis being critical factors in leading the journey of life. The concepts form the basis of a major lesson from the story. In agreement with the author, the way we lead our childhood life greatly influences our character later on in life. Our family shapes our thinking. As a child, one will always take everything from the family positively until later in life when you come to realize that your greatest enemy was your family. Most are only aware of physical violence like rape, forgetting psychological abuse. Our childhood life makes us learn to endure some suffering. If not for her life as a kid, she would not have accepted her very psychologically abusive marriage at the age of 20. It was until sixty-three that she came to realize that her family played a significant role in her future suffering. In disagreement with the writer, Carnegie, being an adult should have tried to find out from her friend what marriage involved. She should have asked for answers why some things happened the way they did. Being intelligent is a gift thing but perseverance is a choice.

Bartleby, the scrivener Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bartleby, the scrivener - Essay Example He says that when people smile we think there is no misery in this world. The narrator is feeling closeness to Bartleby because of the strange look the person have on his face. May be the narrator is feeling empathy for Bartleby and wants to share the person’s sadness. He could relate to his problem and feels that being a human he can connect to Bartleby. The narrator feels that there is some mystery behind the person eccentric behavior and weird ways of mannerism. The narrator is thinking deep about the strange situation of Bartleby. The narrator was getting more thoughtful of Bartleby because he is becoming more humane and thinking about the problems faced by Bartleby. The author is getting attracted to Bartley may be because of his unexplained behavior and attitude to work and life. In the climax of the story, the narrator explains that the Bartleby refuses to leave the job. However, the employer had to move his business to another building but still Bartleby refused to leave the office. Here we can see that the narrator is trying to show that Bartleby had a strange connection with this office space. So there is something behind the solitude and sorrow of Bartleby and the office space. In the end new business started in the office but Bartleby remained in the office which shows the connection he has with the place. In the end he was arrested and he remained in the prison doing nothing and starving him to do death which denotes the mystery surrounding his job and his death. The author later discovers that Bartley previously worked in the Dead letter where undelivered mails were got ridden.The author believed that handling such mails of dead people might have affected Bartleby’ sanity. The narrator is stating that the past of Bartleby had a profound effect on the way he was behaving later in his life. He was handling dead letters which was of no use like

Write a humorous speech ( could be an informative or persuasive Essay

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Major works of Western classic music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Major works of Western classic music - Essay Example Piano played an important role in this nationalistic era of music composers and Charles Ives is an important person who inspired other composers in filling the nationalistic music with folk, march tunes as well as Piano rhythms. The composers of Nineteenth Century composed to nationalistic songs, thus giving rise to nationalistic tones to be famous. Significant among them is Charles Ives, born on 20th October 1874, who has composed music using experimental techniques and ideas. He has been considered as the first true great American Composer, as he composed for American hymns as well as songs and dance tunes. In addition to that he used polyrhythms and poly tonality in his composing that make use of dissonant harmonies and tone clusters. Though his works became famous in 1930 after he ceased to compose music, he received Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for his Symphony No. 3. The use of brass band, march tune, out of tune piano and all of them occurring at same time resulted in a path for a n ew breed of twentieth Century. Many young composers in 19th Century had nationalistic ideas regarding composing in contrast to their seniors who concentrated on romantic music. The composing of tunes by pioneers like Charles Ives had the sense of nationalism in them. The radicalism in the music of Europe influenced the composers in United States of America and resulted in a nationalistic era of music composing. Though the musical training of Ives is not much systematic, he learnt from his father, experiments and has become an eclectic musician. (Broyles, Michael (Author), 2004). The important fact in the career of Ives is that his tunes caught fame when he ceased composing by finding his fortune in insurance business. The reason might be that he did not have systematic training in music and might have lacked confidence in marketing his own music. That can be assumed from his own words "As a boy I was partially ashamed of my love of music an entirely wrong attitude". He convinced himself later that most of boys in America too felt the same and considered music as emasculated art and that might have forced him to quit music career after composing some tunes and symphonies (Hubbs, Nadine (Author), 2004). The nationalistic tones in his tunes and symphonies is due to his idealistic and democratic views and his quest to represent the unified American voice with the forms and traditions of European Classical Music. The musical sense and his interest in music came from his musician father, who settled in Danburry as a musician after the Civil War. As Charles Ives grew in aftermath of Civil War patriotic feelings that are popular in those days made him attract towards them and he mixed those feelings with his musical caliber to produce a pioneering tunes and symphonies. The nationalistic tone in his tunes came from his radical view of creating tone clusters. As a child he used Piano as a drum and his father sent him to drum classes. As he grew up his radicalism reflected in creation of tone clusters thus reflecting the quest of people for democracy and patriotism. Tone clusters are suitable tunes to represent the patriotic and nationalistic songs. His radical way of representing democracy

MOD (Ministry of Defence) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MOD (Ministry of Defence) - Essay Example Moreover, dedicated biometric solutions facilitate to provide smooth secret financial transactions as well as personal data privacy. It has been viewed in the case study that Biometric Identification Verification (BIV) System was the initial UK biometric access control system that was deployed and designed especially for the military users. This particular system was mainly designed in order to deliver a high availability as well as reliable security solution (Business Reporter, 2011). The perception of a role based authentication is typically regarded as a system in which the users possess certain major roles that are allotted to them. The roles can demonstrate the capabilities as well as the limits of making any significant change and access various areas in the technological process (Choukse & Singh, 2011). One of the leading edge approaches to role based authentication is that it is correlated with information security that significantly aids in lessening the complexities of secu rity administration. The other leading edge approach of role based authentication is that it determines the risk exposure from the employees who access efficient Information Technology (IT) system. However, the idea of role based authentication has been currently criticised due to certain problems that have risen in constructing an initial role arrangement as well as owing to its inflexibility in quickly transforming domains (Kuhn, Coyne, & Weil, 2010). Spring Security is regarded as one of the alternative solutions that can be applicable to the context of using biometric solutions. It is principally viewed to be a greatly customisable authentication and a strong access-control framework (Mularien, 2010). Moreover, another alternative that can be pertinent within the background of using biometric solutions is Apache Shiro. This particular alternative has been observed to be an easy as well as a powerful security framework that significantly deals with cryptography, authorisation, se ssion management and authorisation functions (The Apache Software Foundation, 2012). In relation to determine the distinction between the two aforementioned alternatives i.e. Apache Shiro and Spring Security to rule-based authentication mechanism, it has been observed that the aforesaid alternatives are quite easy to learn, manage as well as deploy as compared to role based authentication (The Apache Software Foundation, 2012). Question b Computer security is incessantly becoming a crucial concern for all. In this regard, biometric solutions are playing an imperative part in providing utmost security as well as authenticity by validating the individuality of a person through various media such as fingerprints, facial features and hand geometry among others. Similarly, in this connection, PALM biometrics also plays a decisive role in increasing security along with authenticity by a significant extent. It can be affirmed that this particular system i.e. PALM vein system of biometrics is viewed to be a modern progression in the systems of biometric security (Lee, 2012). PALM biometrics performs its operational functions quite differently as compared to other biometric systems. It generally takes the digitalised image of the veins of the users and evaluates it with the templates that have been stored in a particular

Labor Management and Personnel Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Labor Management and Personnel Work - Essay Example Behavioral management theory has been modified over time, to incorporate more cognitive and agenetic theories that are inclusive of an individual's socio and physical environment (Stroh, Northcraft, & Neal, 2001). As such, behavioural management theory provides guidance as to management and employee personal and occupational development, and in the identification of employee and target market expectations and needs. This paper will propose a qualitative investigation of job satisfaction among employees at a local bank. Firstly, a literature review will identify current knowledge to justify the design chosen. Secondly, the method will outline the proposed design, variables, materials, ethical considerations and procedure. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper and demonstrate the important implications of conducting this study to enhance employee work experiences and to increase workplace efficiency. Behavioral management is a psychological approach to understanding and explaining human behavior; within the organizational setting, the general theory has been used for performance management. Corporations have used the theory to define work behaviors that are considered the most effective to get the job done (Coffs, 1997). Behavioral analysis incorporates a set of concepts and methods that can help to establish efficient and harmonious workplace environments. Behavior analysis concepts help us understand how people function within the realities of the world they live in. Drawing also on general systems concepts, behavioural management theory aids in understanding the reasons why an employee takes a course of action that they do, as well as informing management as to how to determine training needs; and how to communicate positive and negative feedback on employee's performance (Wilson, Lizzio, Whicker, Gallois, & Price, 2003).Importantly, and some say unfounded, job satisfaction h as become the work attitude to be investigated by a majority of researchers seeking to establish a relationship between employee attitudes and workplace efficiency (Wright, 2006). Such study reveals information about the person as an employee, as well as a social entity. "Attitudes," "motives," "values," "perceptions," "personality characteristics," "intelligence," and "performance outcomes," can describe an employee in terms that management can apply to overall business strategies (Kane, 1996).Toyota Ltd takes a critical approach to investigating employee perceptions of work satisfaction. The give each employee a questionnaire for self-evaluation and management feeds back their interpretations, often, the employee might have a different target set as compared to management in terms of performance (Toyota Industries, 2004). Strengths are recognized, and the employee is mentored to work on their weaknesses so as to improve performance. Continuous improvement is always the goal for a company, and in terms of people it is recommended to train and re-train, rather than

The Adobe Dreamweaver Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Adobe Dreamweaver Software - Essay Example We were six team members. Although I actively participated in each and every stage of the project from the planning till delivery, yet my main contribution in the project was the design of the website. It was a very big responsibility as the design of website would be what will be seen by the client, which in our case was Prive and the customers that would be using the website once it is launched. The design of the website of a company has a fundamental role to play in the customer’s perceptions about the company. Customers tend to draw inferences about the company from the first impression that is lent by the website. It was my responsibility to make the design look both perfect and professional. It was a fairly tough task in that the design is constantly revised and modified until the product is delivered to the client. So my job would not finish with the completion of design as it had to be constantly revised and modified according to the ideas we explored along the way. I had to design wireframe sketches for the website. To achieve this, I conducted a thorough review of the existing models and tried different combinations to reach a fairly decent and professional design. Bob used my designs to construct the website using the software â€Å"Adobe Dreamweaver†, while Jack worked upon the launching of the website and its presentation to Prive. Dan conducted the feasibility study of this project for Prive. Martha and Susan selected useful models from an extensive literature review. At the start of the project, I felt very nervous as I had never done a project as complex as this ever before. During our passage through the project, there were times when we were stuck, there were times when we had disputes and times when we celebrated. After I was done, all of us were filled with the feeling of joy mixed with relief. One of the most difficult parts of the project for me was to gain the consent of all team members upon the design of wireframe sketches I had proposed.

Critical Analysis of the US Electoral College Essay Example for Free

Critical Analysis of the US Electoral College Essay Electoral College is a term that refers to a selected group of representatives who perform the task of electing candidates for particular powerful offices such as presidents or church leaders. The selection process of electing candidates usually involves participants from different and competing political or religious entities. In the recent past, the Electoral College has been conspicuously practiced in electing the President of the United Stats and the Pope of the Catholic Church. It is the US Electoral College that has particularly drawn much concern as to its effectiveness and reliability in electing the president of the federal republic. This essay identifies some of the problems associated with the Electoral College and analyses the implications of the suggested modifications and alternatives. Analysis of the US Electoral College In the United States, the Electoral College system is used to elect the President from competing candidates from either the Republican Party, the Democratic Party of independent candidates. See more: how to write an analysis Rather than elect a president and a vice-president directly through national elections, the US conducts separate elections in all its 51 states during which the winner in each state is allocated the number of electoral votes proportional to the total representation of the state in Congress which has a total of 538 electoral voters. The winner of the presidential contests is expected to win a total of 270 votes of the Electoral College. Although the design of the Electoral College was clever and well intentioned, the system is susceptible to inherent flaws, some of which were resolved by constitutional amendments while others remain unresolved to date (Miller, 2008). Indeed, as Miller (2008) noted, the selection system established by the Electoral College has at its core the objective to foster fairness in the election of candidates in non-partisan environment, the motive was rendered irrelevant with the formation of competing political parties to compete in the selection process for the presidency. There is no doubt that the Electoral College system presents many challenges and problems to the fairness of the Presidential election in the US which include the problem of election reversal, problems with the voting power, partisan biasness, excessive focus on battleground states and the likelihood of pledge violations. One obvious problem that emerges from the Electoral College system is that the results of adding up the total electoral votes in the states may end up being different from adding up the total popular votes in all those states. Miller (2008) identifies the situation of the 2000 elections where the eventual winner, George W. had more electoral votes but less popular vote than the loser, Albert Gore. Moreover, in the event that there emerges a serious third party contestant, then it would be impossible for any candidate to garner the mandatory 270 electoral votes. According to the US constitution, the emergence of such an eventuality would require that the election process be taken to the Congress where voting should be conducted repeatedly until a victor emerges. Whereas there are concerns if the Electoral College represents adequate allocation of voting powers to all the states, there are also concerns as two whether the bipartisanship of the two-party system in the US is likely to represent non-partisan election of the president. Moreover, the focus of the Electoral College on the battleground states attracts disproportionate attention from parties and their candidates, effectively raising questions on the voting powers of the other states. Conclusion Some of the suggested proposals suggested include: (1) amending the constitution to empower the American with the constitutional rights to directly elect the president through a popular vote; (2) apportionment of the electoral votes fractionally according to the population of states so as to eliminate the problem of election reversal; and (3) equal apportionment of the electoral votes to all states to eliminate the problem of state voting powers. The proposal to amend the constitution so as to give American the constitutional rights to directly elect the president stands out as the most superior suggestion because it will eliminate all the problems and challenges associated with the Electoral College. References Miller, N. R. (2008). The US electoral college: Origins, transformation, problems and prospects. UMBC, retrieved on 22 May 2009 from: http://userpages. umbc. edu/~nmiller/RESEARCH/ELECTCOL. CONSTDAY. ppt.

Commanding heights episode Essay Example for Free

Commanding heights episode Essay Commanding heights: The New Rules is the third film in the series and is about the 21st century economy. PBS sponsored the film under the direction of Michael Sullivan to inform the public about the economic situation. They speak about how the economy adapted to what is today. How the world nationalized third world countries allowing exchange and investment. Episode 3 addresses the current and future problems of a globalized world. Thats the structure of the film. The film clearly, thoroughly, and excitingly explains this through historic facts and stories told by citizens who lived during the changes. This is not an economics lesson but rather a high dramatic event that impacts peoples lives. Commanding Heights shows that it is people who create the ideas, it is people who accept or reject them, it is people who profit or suffer by them. The series travels to the locations where events happened, and in many cases, interviews the people who made them happen, from Bill Clinton to Milton Friedman to workers in various countries. Episode three encompasses that along with globalization and an open free market and period of peace and advancement of technologies and ideological views will happen. A global economy ill introduce a path to peace and prosperity for rich and poor nation alike. The New Rules of the Gamin 1992, things looked bad for the U. S. economy: Western Europe was assembling into a powerful economic alliance (the European Union) to compete with America, Japans economy was unstoppable, and the U. S. was in the worst recession in decades. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a trade agreement between the U. S. , Canada and Mexico that lowered, but did not eliminate, many trade barriers between the three countries. In large part, Bush wanted to get NAFTA approved to strengthen the U. S. economy against Japan and Europe. The negotiations for NAFTA began under his term. NAFTA became an issue during the 1992 elections. Bush wanted NAFTA 100%, Perot wanted it cancelled, and Clinton wanted NAFTA, but with important amendments added to force Mexico to raise labor and pollution standards so they would have to compete on more even footing with American workers. Clinton won, and his plan was put into action. The labor unions gave Bill Clinton the support he needed to win. NAFTA led to a huge increase in the amount of trade between the three countries. Likewise, each country ad significant GDP growth that was directly attributable to the freer trade. The biggest growth was in Mexico, in wealth and employment. The impact on the U. S. was that 400,000 American Jobs were lost to more competitive workers and factories south of the border, American unions sustained major and lasting damage to their political influence and membership, and the gap between rich and poor Americans grew wider. As in previous cases, deregulation and freer trade benefitted a whole economy in aggregate while severely hurting a small percentage of people and massively benefitting some companies that are able to take advantage of the new rade policies. In the global economy, annual trade in tangible goods and services is worth $8 trillion while trade in currencies is worth $288 trillion. U. S. workers in both public and private sectors have trillions of dollars invested in work-related retirement portion of American workers pensions is invested overseas. Thus, most American workers are significantly invested in the global economy. After NAFTA, Clinton pursued other important trade liberalization policies across the world. One of his major accomplishments was strengthening the global free market in the aftermath of Communisms collapse. In 1994, Mexico faced political and economic crisis, and the country came to the brink of defaulting omits foreign debt. There was real fear that the country, left to its own devices, could fall into chaos, and millions of refugees would head north into the U. S. Clinton had crisis meetings with his advisors over the issue and decided to give Mexico a $50 billion loan. It worked to stabilize the country, Mexico repaid the money ahead of schedule, and the U. S. looked like a benevolent actor to the world. However, many critics considered Clintons actions to be a prime example of moral hazard: By bailing out the Mexican government, the U. S. was in essence bailing out thousands of private investors who had put money into the country without properly weighing the risks. The bailout signaled the private sector that it could make similarly bad future investment choices without fear since the U. S. would again rescue them. Critics feared this would make sovereign debt crises more likely. Globalization is defined as the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor across national borders. China has a number of Free Trade Zones, which are small geographic areas in which companies can build factories to build and export nything with very few restrictions. The Zones are exempt from Chinas otherwise strict business and export laws. Seaports and airports are usually located very close tour within Free Trade Zones. At long last, Japans economic bubble burst in the 1990s and the country slid into a major recession that it never really recovered from. American fears of Japan someday taking over the world economically were quickly and permanently dispelled. In the beginning America was behind Japan and Europe in trading and economic growth, thus NAFTA was created to allow trading between North America. The United States were now able to trade freely with Canada and Mexico, providing great economic growth for all three countries in North America. When trading borders opened up Tijuana became a massive manufacturer of televisions for the United States, Northern Mexico was able to open up many Jobs giving opportunities to Southern Mexicans. This created an economic boom in North America leading to a surge that would be able to compete with other Countries, because this would allow us to buy cheaper goods. In the end although it hurt American Jobs because Mexicos goods were cheaper, Both Bush and Clinton wanted NAFTA to succeed in order to put labor and pollution laws into effect in all the countries involved.

What Is Whistle Blowing Philosophy Essay

What Is Whistle Blowing Philosophy Essay Whistle-blowing is a disclosure by organization members of illegal, immoral or unethical practices under the control of their employer, to persons or organizations that may affect action. Immoral practices can be violation of law, violation of public interest such as fraud, violation of health/safety, corruption etc. the organizations that may affect this action can be media, public interest groups, enforcement agencies etc. TYPES OF WHISTLEBLOWING: Internal whistle-blowing: To report misconduct to a fellow employee or senior management within the company. External whistle-blowing: Report misconduct to outside entities or general public. ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO WHISTLE-BLOWING: The generally prevailing view of the whistleblower within business on the part of the management and colleagues is that this person is the traitor to the organization. (Richard DeGeorge) Employees have both moral and legal obligations to be loyal to their employees. (Beauchamp and Browie) Whistle-blowing is a conflicting matter in terms of employee loyalty. On one hand it may be seen as loyal and on another, disloyal. It is assumed that employees have a vow to protect the dealings of the organization. External whistle-blowing is wrong because an employee has a contractual duty to be loyal to corporation he is working in. Whereas Ronald Duska says: One does not have an obligation of loyalty to a company, even a prima facie one, because companies are not the kind of things that are properly objects of loyalty. This means it is impossible to associate loyalty with a company because it is an abstract entity. Because company does not have a mind of its own, instead, it is made up of people working towards the same goal. A whistle-blower is not disloyal in reality. We can make an argument that a whistle-blower shows greater loyalty as compared to the person who ignores any malpractices in the organization. Whistle-blowing is a brave act of conscience and a person who blows the whistle may carry heavy personal costs. One should do what is right, lost income can be replaced but lost self-esteem is difficult to retrieve. IS THERE A RIGHT TO BLOW THE WHISTLE? Nobody can answer whether blowing whistle is good or bad because the problem is that it has effects, good as well as bad. Sometimes whistle-blowing causes more problem than good. If there is an issue that has to be addressed to the top authorities then it should be channeled through right authorities. If a whistle-blower starts talking to his co-workers about some malpractices, the office environment gets effected. And also the claims of whistle-blower are not always genuine. As a result other employees get dragged into it unnecessarily and company gets involved in lawsuits. By the time the company proves its innocence it has already suffered a loss of thousands of dollars. Whistle-blower should approach the internal authority prior to externally blowing the whistle. Because sometimes the top management is not aware of the problem and employees make the situation worse by blowing the whistle. An employee has an ethical obligation to blow the whistle. It is beneficial for him to act ethically and show loyalty by not only obeying the rules and regulations of the company but also reporting genuine wrongdoings that may affect the public at large. ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WHISTLE-BLOWING: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS: For example, a company is making unsafe consumer products in order to save some money. An employee working in that organization sees this as immoral and reports the media about it. A whistle-blower would do this according to Kants duty-based ethics. Moral obligations have nothing to do with consequences. RIGHTS THEORY: Whistle-blowing is not morally required according to rights theory. Everyone has a welfare right to make income and support themselves and their family, so they cannot do this without a job. By blowing the whistle he/she may get fired so it is better to ignore any malpractices in the organization. UTILITARIANISM: Utilitarianism is based on principle to predict the consequences of an action. Utilitarianism is more clearly understood by cost-benefit analysis. Whistle-blowing has many moral venues. On one side the welfare of employees must be considered and on the other side the consumer. Utilitarian simplify whistleblowing by pleasure versus pain issue. If whistle-blowing will generate less pain than pleasure then it is a good act. If not, then it is wrong and unethical THE FORD PINTO CASE: In the Ford Pinto case it is a well-known fact that before the production of this car Ford engineers were aware of Pintos potential for catastrophe. They had a crash test at a top secret site and every test at 25mph resulted in ruptured gas tank of the car. Ford employees under the oath denied this fact and this car flooded the market for about eight years. An internal cost-benefit analysis illustrated that it was not profitable for the company to make changes sooner. Thus, they placed monetary worth on human life. Total benefit was $49.5 million and total cost was $137 million. Therefore, none of the employees blew the whistle because they had a fear of being fired from the job. ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE: Prophet Mohammad PBUH said: Discussions are confidential (not subject to disclosure) except in three places: shedding unlawful blood, unlawful cohabitation and unlawful accumulation of wealth. (Abu Dawud) Prophet of Allah (P.B.U.H.) said: He who saw Munkar (wrongdoing) amongst you should prevent it with his hand, if unable to, then with his mouth (i.e. whistle blowing), if unable to, then (dislike it) in his heart and that is the least of faith. (Abu said al khudri) These sayings of Prophet Muhammad proved that whistle-blowing is also encouraged by Islam. Richard De Georges Theory of Whistleblowing The philosopher Richard DeGeorge proposed that external whistleblowing is morally permissible when three conditions are fulfilled. Whistleblowing is termed as acceptable by DeGeorge when following three conditions are met: If any product or policy cause serious harm for the general public. If an employee realizes an intense danger to the consumer of a product he or she should report it to his supervisor. Therefore manager responsible for the manufacturing of the product should be aware of its threat. If an employees immediate supervisor does not take the moral concern regarding the product into account, thus the internal chain of command has been exhausted. The firstcriteria explain the intensity of issue. The explanation of harm can be assessed in terms of physical, emotional or financial harm. The second and third criteria can be interpreted that employee tried hi level best to address via internal means. DeGeorge holds that whistleblowing becomes morally required when in addition to the previous three conditions the following two conditions are met: There is sufficient accessible documented evidence available to convince an impartial individual. The employee must have valid and strong reason that by going public, necessary changes will be brought. Moreover, benefits of whistleblowing must be worth the risks one takes and the dangers to which one is encountered. WORLDCOMS WHISTLEBLOWER Cynthia Cooper Case: In March 2002, when WorldCom was struggling tocoordinate and integrate the complex mess created by the 65 companies it had acquired, World-Coms highly respected chief financial officer,Scott Sullivan, moved $400 million from a reserve account and recorded it as income in the companys public financial reports. Alerted to this, CynthiaCooper, the perfectionist head of WorldComs internal audit department, began to secretly examinethe companys books. She  soon discovered that Scott Sullivan and David Myers, for years had publicly reported billionsof dollars as capital expenditures when they were in real the operating costs. Uncollectible receivables were ignored, and reported as  income what were reallyreserve funds, and did all this with the help of ArthurAndersen, the companys auditor and accounting firm. Though angrily threatened by Sullivan, andrisking her job and career, on June 20, 2002, Cynthia Cooper courageously met with the auditcommittee of WorldComs board of directors and   toldthem what had been going on. On June 25, World-Coms directors announced the company had  inflatedits profits by over $3.8 billion-an amount later  roseto $9 billion-is the greatest accounting fraud in history. Sullivan and Myers were arrested; WorldComs shareholders lost $3 billion; 17,000 WorldCom workers lost their jobs.It was the biggest fraud in U.S. corporate history. WorldCom declared bankruptcy in July 2002, after its stocks value had declined by $180 billion and its founder; Bernard Ebbers had left the company. CynthiaCooper was later recognized as one of the three Persons of the Year by Time Magazine. Analysis Based on Kantian Ethics Philosopher Immanuel Kant is renowned for his ethical theory which is categorized under Deontological ethics. According to his theory it can be assessed that it is the intention behind an action rather its consequences that make an action good. Deontological Moral system is based on the categorical imperative. According to Kant to act from a good will is to act from a duty. The act of Cynthia Coopers whistleblowing fits into this categorical imperative of duty to do the right thing. The sole motive of the action is report financial crime; there are no monetary gains or self-interested motives. A Kantian view justifies Cynthia Coopers whistleblowing as reporting financial crime is morallyright thing to do, thus moral obligation has nothing to do with consequences. Since Kant believed that every action has a maxim, we need to ask what would happen if the principle (maxim) of an action were a universal law (one that everyone acted on). Would a world where everyone acted on that principle be possible? If it can, then the decision to act would be morally permissible (Bowie, 1999). Therefore the proposed act of whistleblowing passes Kants test of universizability. If whistleblowing were a universal principle, all would benefit from the transparency and investor confidence would be maximized; therefore, according to Kant, the act of whistleblowing is morally permissible. Analysis based on Kohlbergs Moral theory of Development   Kohlbergs theory is useful because it helps us understand how our moral capacitiesdevelop and reveals how we may mature in our understanding of our own moralstandards. According to Kohlberg Cynthia reached the sixth stage of moral development: Universal Moral Principles Orientation. This is because at thisPost conventional stage, right  action  comes  to be defined  in terms  of moral  principles chosenbecause of their reasonableness, universality, and consistency. Cynthia believed that manipulation of financial accounts is a universal crime and therefore she reported the misconduct based on the moral principle orientation. Cynthia Cooper justified her choices on the basis of moral principles and obligations as during the interview with Times Magazine she said: There is a price to be paid. [But] it comes back to the values and ethics that you learnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..The fear of losing my job was secondary to the obligation I felt. WHISTLE BLOWING IN PAKISTAN Whistle blowing internal and external is usually not practical for employees in Pakistan because they dont posses the resources either within the firm or within the civil society. They lack strong moral beliefs, confidence, will power and commitments and are scared of the consequences. Today, media especially journalism is acting as a whistleblower to the public. The current political environment in Pakistan threatens whistle blowers in a corporation from upholding their voices against illegal practices of their organization. Employees who blow whistle are refrained from doing so and observe difficulties and barriers such as life threats, political insecurity, risk of career and family insecurity. In our country, unsafe medical practices and unethical behavior is at such a high level and widely spread that blowing a whistle to alarm the authority would be simply inaudible. Health care fraud is very common in Pakistan. False claims, patients required paying illegal fees, absence of staff and refusing to see patients in government hospitals and referring them to private clinics are violating ethical spheres. 95% of the population in Pakistan holds the view that our health sector is corrupt. The fear of been victimized, loosing the job and career, is the main concern very often trainee doctors keep quiet and do not raise their voice against their seniors. RICHARD BARLOWS CASE Richard Barlow  is an  American  intelligence analyst and a former senior member of the  Central Intelligence Agency. He lost his job and was charged of being disloyal to CIA. Barlow learned that the top US officials were allowing the sale of the F-16 fighters to Pakistan in 1989. It was against the 1985  Pressler amendment of the  Foreign Assistance Act  which prohibited the sale of any  material or armaments which might assist in the development or manufacturing of nuclear weapons. He also found that the officials were concealing this information from Congress since telling the truth would have legally obligated US government to restrain from giving military aid to Pakistan at the time when it was being provided, through Pakistan, to Afghanistan against Soviet Union. Barlow therefore blew a whistle without considering the consequences. As a result he was asked to prove himself before Congress and court. He was charged of being a traitor and an adulterer. He lost his job. It was life altering experience for him which damaged his marriage, career and left irreparable dents on his character. He is quoted as saying: They smeared my name in truly extraordinary ways that no one had ever seen before If he had been listened to, many people believe that our country would have never got its nuclear bomb. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS KANTIAN ETHICS: Immanuel Kant is the founder of deontological ethics. He states that ethical behaviors are those which are duty oriented. A person must perform what is his duty, not whats good. The act of Richard Barlow is justified on Kantian grounds. Sacrifice of self interest for the greater interest of the society was the act performed by Barlow. LOYAL AGENT ARGUMENT: Loyal agent argument reduces an employee from being human to just being an organ of the organization. Loyalty does not imply that we have a duty to refrain from reporting the immoral actions of those to who we are loyal. An employer who is acting unethical is not acting in his own best interests and an employee is not acting disloyally in blowing the whistle. LEGAL PROTECTION TO WHISTLE BLOWERS One of the early laws that protected whistleblowers was the 1863 United States  False Claims Act  (revised in 1986), which tried to counter fraud by the US government during the  Civil War. Under the 1st and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, state and local government bureaucrats are prohibited from opposing whistleblowers. Boards like Civil Service Reform Act are created Whistle blowing has gone high tech; therefore steps are taken to ensure safety of them. There are different websites available which guide employees on ethical issues like national whistle blowing centre(NWC) Federal (equal employment opportunity) laws also have protection provisions for whistle blowers. If you observe a  prohibited discrimination  against employees you may report the concerned authorities. Consumer Rights Commission of Pakistan has stated the unavailability of protection to whistle blowers and lack of transparency as the major causes of corruption in our state. Therefore, it has created an interface in the form of Freedom of Information Bill 2008. Summarizing: Whistleblowers not only provide the initial stimulus for improving organization efficiency and effectiveness, but also they are often the source of solutions to organization problems (Miceli et al., 1991). Whistle blower observes a dilemma between serving as a loyal agent and preventing social harm. This implies that he should reconcile his own interest with the general interest of the organization. Utilitarian considerations therefore cannot furnish a definitive guide in this context. Whistle blowing must be institutionalized. This means that there must be a set of procedures for employees to report the fraud internally before they raise the matter in the outside world

Social Context in the Poetry of John Donne Essay -- Biography Biograph

Social Context in the Poetry of John Donne Contemporary literary theory has thoroughly debunked the traditional view of the artist as a divinely inspired, completely original and creative individual. This view has been replaced with the more apt view of the author as a product of his or her environment and the existing discourses of the society in which he or she lives. In this new attitude toward the writer as a product of society, the author is considered, according to Dr. James E. Porter, as somewhat of a quiltmaker who takes various traces of the existing cultural intertext (the collected writing and debate of a society) and combines them in new ways to create new discourse (34). Differences in these new discourses of various authors are the result of existing debates concerning the dominant ideology of a particular society. While this theory of writing may be recent, it applies to the literature and the writers of all historical periods, including the Seventeenth century. By looking at two poems by John Donne, namely "Th e Canonization" and "The Flea," we can see how existing societal debates and beliefs create literature. At the time of the writing of "The Canonization" and "The Flea," around the turn of the seventeenth century, one of the biggest debates in English society concerned who was responsible for the choice of a mate and what the criteria should be the basis for marriage. Until the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had been traditional for the parents in the upper classes to be the sole source of marital decisions with their child having no say in the selection process and little if any say in the approval of a proposed match (Stone 70). These arranged marriages tended to be based solely on the accu... ...e historical and social context of a poem can one truly see all of the dynamics at work within a poem. These analytical methods may not simplify the process of reading and interpreting literature, but they provide a greater depth of understanding and appreciation that should be of interest to students of literature. Works Cited Donne, John. "The Canonization." The Literature of Renaissance England. Ed. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 526-27. Donne, John. "The Flea." The Literature of Renaissance England. Ed. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 534-35. Porter, James. "Intertextuality and the Discourse Community." Rhetoric Review Fall 1986: 34-47. Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage In England 1500- 1800. Abr. Ed. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1979.

Presentation of Thesis Statement :: essays papers

Presentation of Thesis Statement For many years the SAT had been considered one of the most important tests that a student can take for the admission process. The SAT is thought to be one of the greatest measurements of academic success is high school and is considered one of the greatest predictors of academic success in college. In the recent years there have been people who have questioned the validity of the SAT, saying that it is an inaccurate measure of academic success and a poor predictor of academic success and does nothing except hinder the application and admission process for prospective students. The purpose of this paper is to present the two sides of the two sides of the argument (support of the test as an accurate measure and the support of the test as an inaccurate measure). Study Report In a report written in 1992, Neil J. Jenkins writes that some colleges in Canada are no longer using the SAT as a predictor of success by post-secondary institutions, and are not really considered in the admissions process either. Study Findings The institutions in Canada feel that the test has many limitations, which among these are: the SAT, in an attempt to free up confounding variables, the test is modified not to accommodate people who can not speak English. Some of the other modifications that the SAT endures are that they have no accommodations for the visually impaired and students with mobility issues. The majority of the students both disabled and not, scored in the similar percentile in the mathematics section of the exam. It was the verbal section that had the majority of the deviations. The finding in this report was also substantiated by Randy Bennett, who also performed studies that concluded with the same findings (Jenkins 1992). Randy Bennett, when speaking about the non-traditional students (non-traditional students is defined by students who suffer from disabilities (both learning and physical, students who have physical disabilities include hearing impairments, visual impairments, and mobility impairm ents), may not be close to the age of traditional students, students who’s first language is not English.), says that: â€Å"Vocabulary items re also reported to be difficult for these students†¦Learning disabled pupils are sad to have particular difficulty with antonyms and with the logical relationships required by verbal analogies.† (Bennett, quote is embedded in the Jenkins report so no year given, page is provided from the Bennett report, page 44)

Prisons Essays -- Social Issues, Rates of Violence

Introduction Longitudinal research has been conducted comparing the rate of violence in male and female prisons. It is important to do research on this topic because it does not only lead to the conclusion of where is violence prevalent, but focuses on other aspects as well. It focuses on the psychological, social, and sexual side of the inmate. This topic does not only focus on who has the highest rates of violence, but why does that sex have a higher rate. This topic looks deeper at the differences between male and female inmates and what causes them to have high rates of violence. Most people would say that male prisons have a higher rate of violence due to biological reasons. People tend to think that males are more aggressive therefore violence is prevalent in male prisons, yet there is a lot more to this idea. The focus of this paper is to inform if the rates of violence are higher in male or in female prisons and why that is the case. Various key factors have been addressed in relation to this topic. These four factors would not only help in answering the research questions, but open opportunities for similar research to be conducted. This research paper will explore if violence is higher in male or female prisons and why is it high. In order to answer these two research questions, the following factors will be discussed: relational violence in women’s prison, a comparison of sexual coercion experiences reported by men and women in prison, prisoner confrontations and the search for respect, and the rates of victimization. Theoretical Framework The most important factor regarding the topic on rates of violence in male and female prisons is relational violence in women’s prison. This factor is ver... ...ul and relevant. Every single study contributed in finding an answer to the research question. The studies showed the factors of why? How? and when? do inmates (males and females) engage in violence and how does this raise the rates of violence. Although all this data was very helpful more research should be performed. There should be more studies focusing on female inmates in order to give a better understanding of female prisons. Furthermore the studies that do use females as part of the study should increase the sample size. Authors usually examine large male sample size and only a few female sample sizes. This leaves people with the question of why is there a huge difference between the sample sizes. In conclusion if experimenters would focus on females like they do with males maybe more data can be presented.

Air Water Polution

Air and Water Pollution Derrick Harris University of Phoenix ENV/100 Sam H. Abbas PhD August 9, 2010 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Black Carbon Pollution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Smog Pollution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Water Pollution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5-6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Abstract Air and water pollution has become a great problem in society today. Pollution is not only effecting humans but it is effecting plants, trees and animals and the earth’s natural water supply. This document will give various examples of air pollution and water pollution and how it’s affecting the environment as a whole. Air and water Pollution Introduction The earth is constantly working hard to repair itself for man made pollution such as carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. All of the above named pollutants are what is known as primary pollutions; the main reason that they are called primary pollutions is because they are directly released into the earth’s atmosphere and it has adverse affects on everything such as the uman anatomy, the reservoirs as well as animals and even the way major cities sky’s look. But the main things that will be discussed and analyzed are black carbon pollution and smog. The other matters that will be addressed is two types of water pollution such as, Oil spills and trash being dumped into oceans. Black Carbon Pollution According to  lbl. gov  (n. d. ),  Ã¢â ‚¬  Black carbon pollution is the release of tiny particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Air pollution caused by such particulates has been a major problem since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the development of the internal combustion engine . Scientific publications dealing with the analysis of soot and smoke date back as early as 1896. Mankind has become so dependent on the burning of fossil fuels (petroleum products, coal, and natural gas) that the sum total of all combustion-related emissions now constitutes a serious and widespread problem, not only to human health, but also to the entire global environment. †Ã‚  (Why study black carbon pollution,  para. 1). This type of pollution is called primary pollution, because of the fact that the toxins from the fuel are released directly into the air. The adverse affects on humans from back carbon pollution can be asthma, and acute allergies. Black carbon pollution plays a major role in global warming â€Å"Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego atmospheric scientist V. Ramanathan and University of Iowa chemical engineer Greg Carmichael, said that soot and other forms of black carbon could have as much as 60 percent of the current global warming effect of carbon dioxide, more than that of any greenhouse gas besides CO2. † (University of California – San Diego,  2008, para. 2). Smog pollution A smog (2010), according to Smog-Definition, A form of air pollution produced by the photochemical reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that have been released into the atmosphere, especially by automotive emissions. Most smog in the world come from industrial plants such as power plants and emotions from cars. This type of pollutions is also called primary pollution as well. Smog effects the atmosphere in such a harsh way and causes things such as acid rain. Which destroys plants and some of the world water supplies and this is a very harmful. Smog also contributes to the overcast in some major cities such as New York, Los Angeles and all other major cities. This affects not only American cities but countries outside of the United States of America. Basically smog can be anywhere any major city is. Water Pollution Pollution is the world water way and water supplies is an ongoing problem because of a various reasons but some of the major reason are, oil drilling. Oil is one of the world natural resources and a great majority of it is found in oceans around the world. Now oil is a resources that is needed in society today but, it is also destroying ocean life and causing clean and fresh water to be continually contaminated. Another type of pollution in the water is the dumping of trash into the ocean; as far as the authors opinion trash dumping is one of the worse types of pollution because when different types of fish see the trash in the water the eat it. For example plastic bags are some of the most common things that, get dumped into the ocean and get mistaken for jellfish. Also, fish always get caught in old fish nets and find it hard to get out. These two types of water pollution’s are known as secondary pollution because they are not directly released in to the atmosphere but indirectly from a second source. Conclusion Pollution is and always will be a never ending problem and will continue to effect the world, unless the leaders of today’s society decides that the earth in which humans have to live on and get their resources from is important; pollution will always be a problem. References   lbl. gov. (n. d. ). Black carbon pollution. Retrieved from http://www. lbl. gov/Education/ELSI/pollution-main. html University of California – San Diego, . (2008, March  24). Black carbon pollution emerges as major player IngGlobal warming. Science daily. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/03/080323210225. htm Smog. (2010). In Smog-Defenition. Retrieved from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/smog

Atv Design Report

TEAM ID:60000 BAJA SAE INDIA 2012 DESIGN REPORT Copyright  © 2009 SAE International TEAM: THE CONRODS AUTHOR: K. SUBHASH BABU. CO-AUTHOR: KARN JAIN. ABSTRACT The objectives of the mini-Baja competition are to design and manufacture a â€Å"fun to drive†, versatile, safe, durable, and high performance off road vehicle. Team members must ensure that the vehicle satisfies the limits of set rules, while also to generating financial support for the project, and managing their educational responsibilities. This vehicle must be capable of negotiating the most extreme terrain with confidence and ease.The 2012 SRM UNIVERSITY Mini-Baja Team, THE CONRODS met these objectives by dividing the vehicle into its major component subsystems. By examining the 2011 entry, the team was able improve on many design features to better meet the stated requirements. Function Diagram (QFD) to determine which parameters were the most critical. These key parameters ranging from most critical to least cr itical are safety, reliability, low cost, ease of operation and maintenance, and overall performance. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:ENGINE Type Displacement Compression Ratio Max Power Max Torque DRIVE TRAIN Transmission Gear Shift Mechanism SUSPENSION Front Suspension Rear Suspension Ground Clearance Shocks and Springs Front Susp. Travel Rear Susp. Travel WHEELS Front Tyres Rear Tyres BRAKES Working Fluid Type Pedal Ratio M C Bore Dia W C Bore Dia Brake Disc Dia STEERING Type Mechanism Steering Ratio Lock to lock angle 4 Stroke, OHV,B&S 304 cc 8:1 7. 5 KW @ 3600 rpm 18. 5 Nm @ 2600 rpm Mahindra Champion Alfa (forward Orientation) Sequential Double Wishbone Double Wishbone 11. inches Customized 5 inches 6. 5 inches 22*8-10 22*8-10 Dot-3 Oil All Wheel Disc 4:1 0. 8 inch 1. 6 inch 6 inch Ackermann Rack and Pinion 10. 7:1 400 INTRODUCTION&CONSUMER INFLUENCES THE CONRODS BAJA SAEINDIA vehicle is designed as a prototype for manufacture by an outdoor recreation firm. The ideal vehicle is safe, simple and inexpensive. Additionally, the vehicle is attractive to potential buyers in both its visual appearance and performance. These characteristics are considered in design of the following major vehicle subsystems: frame, suspension, steering, and braking.Before any design could begin, we had to understand exactly who our customers are and their needs. To gain this understanding, we did extensive research that included market survey and interviewing both professional and nonprofessional local off-road enthusiasts. With this research, we determined that our customers are the BAJA SAEINDIA event and non-professional weekend off-road enthusiasts. We felt it necessary to distinguish between the two to ensure that we followed all rules set by SAEINDIA INDIA and to accommodate the weekend off-road enthusiasts in a safe manner within the SAEINDIA rules.With all necessary design parameters determined for each customer base, we were able to combine them for an overall list of design s pecifications that met all SAEINDIA requirements. We used these parameters to create a Qualitative 1|P ag e Turning radius 2. 7 meters CHASSIS/OVERALL DIMENSIONS Chassis Material IS 3074 CDS1 Tubular Frame Overall Length 2100 mm Wheel Base 1490 mm Wheel Track 1143. 2 mm Height of Vehicle 1520. 0 mm WEIGHTS Front Wheel Assembly 10 Kg Rear Wheel Assembly 11. 8 Kg Engine(with engine oil) 23 Kg Transmission(with 17 Kg lubricant) Chassis 55 Kg Dampers 8 Kg Expected Kerb Weight 260 KgTARGET SPECIFICATIONS: Parameters Speed Stopping Distance Acceleration Gradability Turning circle dia. Ground Clearance Emissions Values 40 km/h 7m 11. 6 seconds 82. 2% 5. 4 m 11. 6 inches BS III the planes created by the roll cage and the driver’s helmet. SAEINDIA also require a 3 inch envelope when a straight-edge is applied to any two tubing. Emphasis was placed on creating an easily manufactured roll cage with few parts, minimal welding and yet is still both light and strong, hence the numbers of b ends were kept to a minimum.Roll hoop Overhead members and Forward Bracing Members are one continuous bent tube. Lower Frame Side tubes are straight and are bent inwards to connect to the front suspension mounts. The Side Impact Member is a single tube with a single bend that encompass the car from the Rear Roll Hoop forward. The foot box of the vehicle is shaped by the LFS, SIM and straight tubes welded to the upper side impact tube forming a hexagonal front bulkhead taking into consideration the suspension design and reduction in dead space based on experience from the 2011 entry. A 3-D view of the car is shown below: FRAME DESIGNOBJECTIVE & FRAME CONFIGURATION The objective of the chassis is to encapsulate all Components of the car including a driver efficiently and safely. With a limited amount of power, the focus is primarily on the power to weight ratio of the vehicle. The only means to improve this critical parameter is to reduce the overall vehicle weight. Great care is take n in laying out the chassis. SAEINDIA requires each vehicle conform to a 95percentile male for all ergonomic evaluations of the design. The pertinent information is taken from â€Å"Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design† by Stephen Pheasant.Several key safety factors in the design process dictate chassis roll cage layout and foot box design. For the roll cage, SAEINDIA requires 6 inches of clearance measured from the inside of Principal aspects of the chassis focused on during the design and implementation included driver safety, suspension and drive-train integration, structural rigidity, weight, and operator ergonomics. The number one priority in the chassis design was driver Page | 2 safety. With the help of the 2012 Baja SAEINDIA Competition Rules and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), design assurance was able to take place.Rear Impact Next rear, impact analysis was done while assuming 15,000N as the impact force. STRESS: SMX-172. 22 N/mm2 FOS:2. 43 MATERIAL SELECT ION: Two materials were considered for the construction of the chassis: AISI 4130 and IS 3074 CDS 1. IS 3074 CDS 1 steel with an OD of 25. 4 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm was chosen because it exceeds the bending stiffness and strength requirements of SAEINDIAINDIA which gives increased protection to driver. PROPERTY Tensile strength(N/sq. mm) Yield strength(N/sq. mm) Elongation on 50 mm G. L Density (g/cc) IS 3074 438 376 32% 7. 872 AISI 4130 760 460 27% 7. 5 Side Impact The next step in the analysis was to analyse a side impact with a 5000N load. As a side impact is most likely to occur with the vehicle being hit by another MiniBaja vehicle it was assumed that neither vehicle would be a fixed object. STRESS: 237. 49 N/mm2 FOS: 1. 77 It was found out that the bending stiffness and bending strength of IS 3074 CDS are greater than those of 1018 steel having a circular cross section of 25. 4 mm and 3 mm thickness LOADING ANALYSIS: To properly approximate the loading that the vehicle will encounter, an analysis of the impact loading seen in the various types of impact scenarios was required.To properly model the impact force, the deceleration of the vehicle after impact is generally assumed to be zero. To approximate the worst case scenario that the vehicle will see, research into the forces the human body can endure was completed. It was assumed that this worst case collision would be seen when the vehicle runs into stationary, rigid object. Front Impact The first analysis to be completed was that of a front collision with a stationary object. In this case a deceleration of 20,000N was the assumed loading. STRESS: SMX-177. 81 N/mm2 FOS: 2. 36Rollover Impact The Final step in the analysis was to analyse the stress on the roll cage caused by rollover with a 5000N load on the cage. The Loading was applied to the two upper forward corner of the perimeter hoop with a combination vector sideways and downward. The load was chosen to be on two corners as this would be a worst case scenario rollover. STRESS: 267 N/mm2 FOS:1. 57 FABRICATION To maximize the geometrical consistency of the fabricated chassis, all fixturing and measurements were based on a single fixed coordinate system relative to a rigid table on which the chassis and all components were bolted.Through the use of this table and good fixturing practices, the team was able to best assure that the chassis geometry, especially Page | 3 in critical sections such as the suspension pickup points, correlated closely with the design specifications. In addition, measuring from aFixed location minimized tolerance stack-up due to measurement error and component movement results. We have decided to fabricate the second hub since it has minimum weight and optimized FOS. *Material Used to manufacture the hubs-High Carbon Steel *Hardening Process Done-Cyaniding SPACE IN DRIVER COMPARTMENT:DRIVER EROGONOMICS Driver ergonomics has been our major concern during design of the frame and also during posi tioning of various systems in drivers cabin. Cabin is made spacious for safe and comfortable. All the cables and wires are routed properly so that they would not interfere with driver legs or hands. all the routings are done in design stage itself and ROH is raised to a suitable height so that it would give proper vision to the driver DRIVERS VISION WINDOW: SUSPENSION Objective: A Mini-Baja suspension system must satisfy the following design requirements.Control movement at the wheels during vertical suspension travel and steering, both of which influence handling and stability. Provide sufficient sprung mass vibration isolation to maintain satisfactory ride quality, while maintaining high tire-ground contact rate and low tire vertical load fluctuation rate to improve road holding and handling. Improve jumping performance by limiting sprung mass pitch displacement while the vehicle is airborne. Limit chassis roll during cornering to prevent roll-over, decrease roll camber, and there fore, decrease steering reaction time and slip angle induced drag forces.Prevent excessively high jacking forces by managing static roll center location and roll center migration. Limit lateral tire scrub to maintain straight line stability and minimize horsepower losses at the rear suspension. Control lateral load transfer distribution to influence both steady state and limit of adhesion over steer/under steer handling characteristics. The non-professional weekend off road enthusiast requires a vehicle which exhibits both safe, stable, responsive handling; and a soft, comfortable ride . DRIVERS VIEW OF THE CABIN: Alternatives considered:Several different types of suspension system were considered before selecting the independent unequal arm double wishbone suspension system for both front and rear. Unequal double A-arm: In the design, suspension is supported by triangulated Aarm at the top and bottom of the knuckle. Advantages: *Improved ride quality *Good road holding *Rigid links *More control over geometry *Wheel control is precise *Negative camber gain during vertical suspension travel. Page | 4 FRONT SUSPENSION Setting static roll Centre: A two dimensional sketch was made after estimating the Centre of mass of the vehicle on paper.Various references were taken to make a 2D sketch these include: ? ? ? ? Track width of vehicle Front hub king pin axis inclination, king pin length, ball joint dimension Rim off set(for king pin positioning) Wishbone mounting point lengths rebound. Since we could not find springs that were less stiff than this we decided to go for the Auto springs as it satisfied our ride comfort requirements. A stiffer spring was required in the rear to achieve the coupling effect of suspension so as to convert the pitching motion into a bouncing motion. REAR SUSPENSION:The primary concern in designing the rear suspension was to get the maximum possible travel (jounce and rebound) such that the rear driving wheels were always kept in contact with the ground. The camber change in the rear wheels should be such that there is not much appreciable change in camber throughout the travel of the wheel. The other factor taken into account was that we were having issues with the rear suspension in last year’s design as it was observed that the drive shaft coupling was coming in contact with the lower wishbone in the rebound condition and this issue has been addressed and rectified in this year’s design.The rear suspension wheel rate was fixed such that the natural frequency of the rear suspension is 20% greater than the front suspension thus providing a flat ride over bumps by converting the pitching motion of the vehicle to be converted into bouncing motion. DAMPER SELECTION: Method for selecting springs The process began by selecting an appropriate wheel rate for the front axle. A typical road frequency of 3. 7 Hz may be encountered at the competition. This is based on a vehicle speed of 40Km/h and a road surface with bumps spaced 3m apart. The natural frequency of the suspension should be kept well below 3. Hz in order to avoid any unwanted excitation. A front suspension natural frequency of 1. 20 Hz was deemed to be suitable. The wheel rate required to obtain this natural frequency was established using the following equation (assuming sprung mass of 72kg/wheel) . 2 ? ? We need to calculate the damping ratios for the front and rear suspensions. The design process will commence by iteration only. First we find the ratio for sprung and unsprung with respect to the model. Sprung mass was found to be 71. 456kg the sprung weight was determined while the sprung mass was 288. 54kg. The ratio is 0. 247. The natural frequency of the front suspension is set at 1. 2Hz. Weight on each front wheel is 57. 71 kg. The max force of damping is given by Fcd =2*Msp*wn. Critical damping force for the front suspension system is 1085. 73 Ns/m. For the un-sprung mass natural frequency would be Wn=((Ks+Kt)/Ms)^0. 5 The combined stiffness of tire and wheel is 53. 24N/mm. Amplitude ratios were calculated for a range of damping ratios. These amplitude ratios represent the ratio of applied displacement and the displacement that actually reaches the sprung mass.Amplitude ratios were plotted against the ratio of applied frequency and natural frequency of the sprung mass. This graph shows the ideal damping ratio that should be used. This value as obtained from graph is 0. 7 which gives a damping co-efficient value of 760 Ns/m. In the similar manner the rear suspension has a ride rate of 1. 56Hz. The critical damping force is 1960 Ns/m. The graph of amplitude ratio vs frequency ratio shows an ideal damping ratio of 0. 7 the damping co-efficient is = 0. 7*1960=1372 Ns/m. ? fn ? k wheel msThe ideal wheel rate for the front suspension was calculated to be approximately 40N/mm. The relationship between wheel rate and motion ratio (MR) was used to deduce the location of the shock actuation point on the lower control arm. k wheel ? (MR) 2 ? k spring We need to set the motion ratio according to the wheel travel we require for our suspension. A travel of 50 mm was required and a list of springs were collected and measured for their stiffness characteristics. According to this calculation the motion ratio for auto spring A’s (Ks=58. 57N/mm) wheel rate (Kw=41N/mm) the motion ratio was 0. 8366. Travel of spring per unit wheel travel)The travel obtained by this spring was lesser than was required we could only obtain 26mm of travel in Page | 5 STEERING DESIGN: Objective of steering system in Baja vehicle ? ? ? To provide easy maneuverability of the vehicle over the undulating terrain. It must be durable to sustain the harsh off–road racing course. Less bump steer and return ability in steering Customer requirement: DESIGN OF WHEEL HUBS Our wheel hubs have been designed and fabricated after an extensive research. Effort has been made for minimum scrub radius and obtains the best possible wheel geometry.Adams and Ansys have been used to Simulate and analyse the behavior of these hubs respectively. We have two major design concepts: 1. 2. 3. 4. Optimum sensitivity Low turning radius Minimum feedback Low cost and easy maintenance Basis of our design: We have decided to opt for a 400 degree lock to lock rack and pinion steering with Ackerman geometry. Helical cut teeth will be used for the rack and pinion due to the following advantages over spur gears: ? ? ? ? They take higher loads. They are quieter and smoother. HUB 1 SCRUB RADIUS FACTOR OF SAFETY HUB 2 8 mm 4. 6 1460gm. 15 mm 5. 2 2506gmRulebook Constraints: All vehicles must be equipped with positive wheel lock? to? lock stops and adjustable tie rod ends must be constrained with a jam nut to prevent loosening Tie rod of vehicle should be secured by bumper in front or any other safety device in rear in order to avoid damage of tie rod during collision. WEIGHT Hence taking various factors in to consider ation HUB 2 is considerd for fabrication and stress analysis is done on it. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED: STRESS DEFORMATION Rack and Pinion Good High Low Light 1. Extermely Simple 2. Gives good driving feel Recirculating ball screw Very High Low High Very High 1.Very Low free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability Worm and sector High Low Very High Comparatively Heavy 1. High free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability FRONT HUB Efficiency Compactness Cost Weight Comments REAR HUB Calculations: Distance between King Pins (c) Using the formulae: = 1117. 6mm FORMULAS FOR STEERING ANGLES ? ? ? cot O – cot ? =c/b sin ? =(c-d)/2r sin(? + ? ) +sin(? – O) =2sin ? Page | 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BOBLLIER CONSTRUCTION FOR RACK POSITIONING turning radius = (track/2) + (wheelbase/sin(average steer angle) here O=? o =outer wheel angle ? =? I = inner wheel angle Then ? steering arm angle r = length of the steering arm c= kingpin to kingpin distance d=length of the track rod b=wheelbase CALCULAT IONS wheel base (b)=1532mm kingpin to kingpin distance(c) = 1117. 6 steering arm angle ? =30 degrees on substitution an comparing two results we get ? =40 degrees O=27 degres turning radius was calculated to be 2. 9m Clevis joint is used in rack to reduce the bump steer . The below picture shows the clevis joint used Rack and Pinion design Rack displacement calculation RACK ANALYSIS FOS: 8. 5 deformation stress From above formula we get rack displacement =40+40=80mmThe picture of the complete rack assembly Page | 7 Values No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Item Symbol Formula Spur Gear 2 20 ° 11 zm/2 + H zm D cos? 35 22 Db 20. 67 23 24 Rack Module Pressure angle Number of teeth Height of Pitch Line Centre Distance Pitch Diameter Base Diameter M ? Z H Ax D Adams results : CALCULATION OF FORCES ON RACK AND PINION R=steering wheel radius = 165mm r=pinion pitch-circle radius t=number of pinion teeth = 6 p=linear or circular pitch =22mm E=input steering-wheel effort = 2 * 20N W=output rack load If the pinion makes one revolution; input steering wheel movement Xi = 2? Output rack movement Xo = 2? R = txp = 82. 86mm Therefore; Movement ratio (MR) = Xi/Xo=2? R/2? r=2? R/tp=R/r= 165/11=15 15= W/E, w=600N force is to be applied on to the pinion to move the rack. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ft = Transmitted force Fn = Normal force. Fr = Resultant force ? = pressure angle Fn = Ft tan ? Fr = Ft/Cos ? Here ? =20 degrees therefore Fn=194. 95NFr=630N Opposite wheel travel Fig 3: Graph 1: camber angle vs wheel travel Graph 2: roll centre height vs wheel travel Graph 3: wheel rate vs wheel travel Fig1:Shows the single wheel travel vs toe change and scrub radiusPage | 8 POWERTRAIN DESIGN ? ? Engine and transmission are the loudest systems of the vehicle. Since the engine provided could not be touched in any way, the only noise reduction technique that could be adopted was through the use of proper mufflers. Various mufflers were tested on the engine but the stock muffler provided the least noise le vels . It also provided the best fuel efficiency . So it was decided to use the stock mufflers considering the â€Å"Go Green† theme. The gearbox and CV joints should always be kept properly lubricated to minimize noise due to friction.To reduce vibrations transferred to the chassis from the engine, it is mounted on rubber bushes. The drive shafts are welded properly so that they are inline and no vibrations occur during rotation. The gearbox is mounted firmly in such a way that there is a minimum contact between gearbox and chassis which means minimum transfer of vibration to chassis. The fuel tank capacity is 4 litres. ? ? ? Fig2: Shows roll steer vs wheel travel ? ? ? ? Driveline Power is transmitted from the engine to the wheels in the following way Engine Stub Axle Chain Drive Wheels Gearbox DriveshaftOpposite wheel travel fig 4: Graph 1:roll centre vs roll angle Graph 2: camber vs roll angle Graph 3: roll stiffness vs roll angle The Driveshaft consists of dowel pin on t he gearbox side and rzeppa joint on wheel side . This design ensures transmission of power with minimal losses and allows transmission at longer wheel travel Page | 9 Design Methodologies A customer expects the following things from the transmission system of a Baja vehicle: Forward Orientation Gear Final Gear Ratio 31. 48 18. 70 11. 40 7. 35 55. 08 ? ? ? ? Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 12. 04 20. 27 33. 26 51. 59 6. 88 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2240. 7 1348. 28 821. 93 485 3971 Reverse Orientation Final Gear Ratio 55. 08 32. 72 19. 95 13. 40 31. 48 Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 8. 17 13. 68 22. 19 32. 14 12. 75 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2990 1776. 23 Reverse engine orientation resulted in problem with weight distribution and increased vehicle length. Using the transmission in forward helped to shift the center of gravity towards vehicle’s center. Due to decreased reduction it also results in increased vehicle speed. It also provides faster acceleration and higher top speed due to th is reason we decided to use the transmission in forward orientation.To calculate vehicle speed at different engine speeds in different gears, we used the formula V= (2*3. 14*engine speed*radius of wheel/Gear ratio)*(60/1000) km/hr. The gear ratios obtained are: Chain Drive gear ratio = 28/28 =1 1083 818. 36 1708. 91 The following graph is obtained: Tractive effort is calculated by formula F=Engine torque*Gear efficiency/wheel radius The curves obtained are: ratio*transmission First Gear Second Gear Third Gear Fourth Gear Reverse Gear High speed for acceleration and speed trials. High torque for towing and hill climbing events.It should be reliable and light weight. It should transmit power in any driving conditions. ? The gearbox operation should be smooth and easy for driving comfort. The engine used has low power to weight ratio, so its necessary to transmit power with minimal loss through drive train. It should be such that it can be easily couple with the engine. Alternatives co nsidered: We had three options while deciding the transmission system a) b) c) A cvt mated with Mahindra gearbox. A custom made manual gearbox. Use of Mahindra champion gearbox coupled with chain drive. 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 ractive effort in 1st gear tractive effort in 2nd gear The maximum Tractive effort obtained is 2240N at 2600rpm in 1st gear. Providing an acceleration of 5. 6 m/s^2. The variation of full throttle power with road speed is shown below with different gear ratio Our previous experience with cvt had problem of belt slipping at high torque conditions. Also it resulted in increased weight. So we decided against using this. As we already had 2 champion Alfa gearboxes, we decided on using this gearbox alongwith a chain drive due to the following reasons: 1) 2) 3) 4) Reduced chassis width.Can be easily coupled with the engine. Equal drive shaft lengths; increased ground clearance. Minimum rear overhang; better vehicle dynamics. 60 2nd gear 40 1st gear 20 0 0 2000 4000 3rd gear We had 2 options for the orientation of gearbox: A) Forward engine with engine in the front rear axle. B) Reverse engine orientation with engine behind of the rear axle. Total resistance of the vehicle at 3600rpm is found out by the formula R=k AW^2+KW+WsinO. Where k= coefficient of air resistance N-m^2. Page | 10 A=frontal area of the car, m^2. V= vehicle speed, km/hr. K=constant of rolling resistance.W= weight of car,N O=gradient angle, degrees. The value of resistance comes out to be R=442. 64+2452 sinO. We put this value in formula RV/3600nt=power of engine By solving the above equation for o, we get o=33 degree at 2600 rpm in 1st gear. Stopping Distance Braking Efficiency Parameters Master Cylinder Diameter Caliper Diameter Brake pad height Diameter of the disc Co-efficient of friction of the brake pad Force generated by both the brake pads per wheel Braking Torque per wheel Weight of vehicle(with the driver) Wheelbase Height of COG Dynamic front axle load Dynamic rear axle load 0. 11 m 56% Magnitude/value 19. 05 mm 32 mm 27 mm 162 mm 0. 38 3431 N 1040 N 360 Kg 1397 mm 601. 3 mm 1780 N 1650 N 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 gradabilit y in 1st gear Gradabilit y in 2nd gear Gradabilit y in 3rd gear BRAKING DISTANCE VS SPEED: This shows that the vehicle is capable of climbing a 30 degree slope in 1st gear. This is more than enough for heavy off-road conditions. BRAKES: The criterion of designing the brake system, as stated by the rule book is that, all the wheels must lock simultaneously as the driver presses the brake pedal.Our ATV consists of disc in all the four wheels, as disc brakes are safer, reliable and more effective than drum brakes. Brake circuit used is Independent in order to ensure safety We are using rotors of the same diameter for all the four wheels. Special ATV rotors and wheel calipers have been imported from Taiwan and Tandem Master Cylinder of Maruti 800 is being used. Brass linings and Rubber (flexible) brake hoses are being used in the circuit. A Pro-E model of the brake circuit in the vehicle Brake specifications Force of the driver on the pedal Average circuit pressure Pedal ratio Deceleration 400 N 5. 16 N/sqmm 4:1 5. 5m/sqsec Page | 11 BODY PANELS: The criteria for selecting the material for body panels firewall and belly pan was as follows: ? ? ? ? ? ? Safety of the driver Rulebook constraints Weight of the panels Recyclability of the material used Cost of the material Serviceability of the vehicle INNOVATION: Solenoid Operated Fire Extinguisher The body panels are divided into three parts: Side panels, front bumper and rear panels. For increasing the serviceability of the vehicle, the panels and front bumper have been mounted using easily detachable clips.The materials used for the firewall and belly pan are 1. 5mm thick aluminium alloy sheets, which are both lightweight and 100% recyclable. For body panels, 0. 2mm thick sheet metal is used. It is also 100% recyclable. We have decided to i ncorporate following safety features in our vehicle: 1. All disc brakes with cross circuit. 2. Corrosion resistant stainless steel bolts with nylon lock nuts for all fastenings. 3. 2 fire extinguishers 4. First aid kit 5. Spill guard and splash shield for fuel tank 6. Four point harness seat belts. 7. Wide open throttle stop at the pedal. . Reverse alarm and brake lights. 9. Two 01-171 Ski-Doo kill switches. 10. Steering stop at the wheels. 11. Rear view mirrors. 12. Ignition switch for engine, apart from pull start. 13. Electronic operated fire extinguisher. 14. Seat belt engine kill system 15. Driver emergency communication system This novel kind of fire extinguisher arrangement is operated electronically through a solenoid valve. In case of fire the valve is opened by a manually operated button and a jet of CO2 is released in the engine compartment through various angles.This effectively extinguishes fire in the engine compartment and stops it’s further propagation. Seat B elt Engine Kill System: This system is designed such that the driver will not be able to start the car until he engages his seat belt. The seat belt acts as a switch to operate the relay connected to the engine kill wire. When the seat belt is disconnected, the engine kill wire is grounded. Thus, the car cannot be started. As the seat belt is engaged, relay operates, and the engine kill wire circuit is now open enabling the driver to start the COMMUNICATION SYSTEMPURPOSE: †¢ This is a two way communication system wherein messages and signals can be transmitted from the pit to the driver and vice versa. FEATURES: †¢ The system uses two microcontroller based Arduino boards fitted with an ZIGbee communication module. Page | 12 †¢ It is a transceiver. The signals are sent and received with the help of color coded Push Buttons and LEDs. The actual tested system arrangement is shown in figure. †¢ BILL OF MATERIALS: All the parts of the ATV are classified into eleven bl ocks and are given a unique ten digit part number.The cost of procurement of the part or the material is mentioned and all the machining operations are stated clearly. The spread sheet calculates the cost of machining also. Finally, the sub total of the procurement cost and the machining cost is obtained which helps in grand total of the costs. The BOM gives the level of hierarchy to each part. Sub-Division Engine Transmission Brakes Steering Suspension Wheels Electricals Body Chassis Fasteners Safety Grand Total Cost(in INR) 17000. 00 16800. 00 6928. 00 4457. 00 29954. 00 40308. 00 7940. 00 5340. 00 16240. 00 1346. 00 8272. 00 154585. 00 Page | 13ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES ? ? BAJA SAEINDIAINDIA Rulebook. ASIA 2010 Gillespie, Thomas D. , Fundamental of vehicle dynamics, SAEINDIAINDIA publication ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design† by Stephen Pheasant. Automotive Engineering Fundamentals by â€Å"Richard Stone and Jeffery K. Ball† Th e Multi body Systems Approach to Vehicle Dynamics by â€Å"Mike Blundell and Demian Harty† Theory of Machines by â€Å"S S Ratan† Automobile Mechanics by â€Å"N. K. Giri† Machine Design by â€Å"R. S. Khurmi† Strength of Material by â€Å"R. K. Rajput† Google. com Howstuffworks. com Wikipedia. org Page | 14